"The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic and Cassini imaging observations". "Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn" (naming the moon). Since the orbits of Prometheus and Pandora are chaotic, it is suspected that Atlas's may be as well. Ītlas is significantly perturbed by Prometheus and to a lesser degree by Pandora, leading to excursions in longitude of up to 600 km (~0.25°) away from the precessing Keplerian orbit with a rough period of about 3 years.
This would mean that for any additional particles impacting the equator, the centrifugal force will nearly overcome the tiny Atlantean gravity, and they will likely be lost. In fact, the size of the equatorial ridge is comparable with the expected Roche lobe of the moon. The most likely explanation for this unusual and prominent structure is that ring material swept up by the moon accumulates on the moon, with a strong preference for the equator due to the ring's thinness. High-resolution images taken in June 2005 by Cassini reveal a saucer-shaped moon with a large smooth equatorial ridge. In 2004 a faint, thin ring, temporarily designated R/2004 S 1, was discovered in the Atlantean orbit. However, now it is known that the outer edge of the ring is instead maintained by a 7:6 orbital resonance with the larger but more distant moons Janus and Epimetheus. Diet & Weight Management Exercise & Fitness Nutrition, Food & Recipes Prevention & Wellness. RX Drugs & Medications Vitamins & Supplements. It is also designated Saturn XV.Ītlas is the closest satellite to the sharp outer edge of the A ring, and was long thought to be a shepherd satellite for this ring. Diseases & Conditions Procedures & Tests Symptoms & Signs. In 1983 it was officially named after Atlas of Greek mythology, because it "holds the rings on its shoulders" like the Titan Atlas held the sky up above the Earth. The authors have declared no competing interest.Atlas was discovered by Richard Terrile in 1980 (some time before November 12) from Voyager photos and was designated S/1980 S 28. Together, these results highlight the heterogeneity of cellular populations in the VTA and identify novel markers and disease-linked genes enriched in distinct neuronal subtypes. Finally, snRNA-seq enabled the de novo identification of thousands of marker genes for each transcriptionally distinct population, revealing cluster-specific enrichment of gene sets implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as specific phenotypes associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Further subclustering revealed several VTA neuronal populations expressing markers for more than one neurotransmitter system, with one cluster exhibiting high expression levels of genes involved in the synthesis and transport of GABA, glutamate, and dopamine. We identified 16 transcriptionally distinct cell types within the VTA, including 7 neuronal populations.
Here, we performed single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) on 21,600 VTA cells from male and female Sprague-Dawley rats to generate a transcriptional atlas of the rat VTA. However, these studies have largely relied on low-throughput methods, and the molecular architecture of the VTA has not been comprehensively examined. Interestingly, molecular characterization has revealed that subsets of these neurons express genes involved in the transport, synthesis, and vesicular packaging of multiple neurotransmitters, providing evidence for co-release neurons. While decades of research on VTA function have focused on the role of dopaminergic neurons, recent evidence has identified critical roles for VTA GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in reward processes as well. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a complex brain region that is essential for reward function but is also implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases including substance abuse. The Atlas conversion factor for any year is the average of a country’s exchange rate for that year and its exchange rates for the two preceding years, adjusted for the difference between the rate of inflation in the country and international inflation the objective of the adjustment is to reduce any changes to the exchange rate caused by inflation.